Writing About Shakespeare’s Tragedies

Introduction

Shakespeare’s tragedies are central to A-Level English Literature, offering profound insights into human nature, ambition, and morality. Works like Macbeth and Othello combine compelling characters, dramatic conflict, and universal themes.

This article will explore:

1. Characteristics of Shakespearean tragedy.
2. Key themes in Macbeth and Othello.
3. Strategies for writing essays on Shakespeare’s tragedies.

1. Characteristics of Shakespearean Tragedy

1.1 Tragic Hero

• Central figure with a fatal flaw (hamartia).
  Example: Macbeth’s ambition leads to his downfall.

1.2 Catharsis

• Evokes pity and fear in the audience, leading to emotional purification.
  Example: Othello’s realisation of Desdemona’s innocence evokes profound sympathy.

1.3 Fate and Free Will

• Explores the tension between destiny and personal choice.
  Example: The witches’ prophecy in Macbeth raises questions about predetermination.

2. Key Themes in Macbeth and Othello

2.1 Ambition and Power (Macbeth)

• Ambition drives Macbeth to commit regicide, leading to his eventual demise.

2.2 Jealousy (Othello)

• Iago manipulates Othello, exploiting his insecurities to ignite destructive jealousy.

2.3 Guilt and Conscience (Macbeth)

• Lady Macbeth’s descent into madness highlights the psychological toll of guilt.

2.4 Race and Otherness (Othello)

• Othello’s status as a Moor underscores themes of identity and societal prejudice.

3. Techniques in Shakespearean Tragedy

3.1 Soliloquies

• Reveal the inner thoughts of characters.
  Example: Macbeth’s “Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow” reflects existential despair.

3.2 Dramatic Irony

• The audience knows more than the characters, heightening tension.
  Example: Desdemona’s innocence is clear to the audience, but Othello is convinced otherwise.

3.3 Symbolism

• Objects and imagery deepen thematic meaning.
  Example: The “spot” on Lady Macbeth’s hands symbolises inescapable guilt.

4. Strategies for Writing Essays on Shakespeare

4.1 Structure Your Argument

• Introduction: Define the focus (theme, character, technique).
• Body Paragraphs: Compare examples and analyse their effects.
• Conclusion: Summarise and offer critical evaluation.

4.2 Include Context

• Relate themes to Elizabethan beliefs, such as the Divine Right of Kings (Macbeth) or xenophobia (Othello).

4.3 Incorporate Critical Perspectives

1. Feminist: Explore gender dynamics (e.g., Lady Macbeth’s subversion of traditional roles).
2. Postcolonial: Analyse Othello’s outsider status.

Tips for Success

1. Balance Analysis: Discuss language, structure, and context.
2. Use Precise Quotes: Select impactful lines that exemplify your argument.
3. Show Depth: Highlight how Shakespeare’s tragedies resonate with universal themes.

Conclusion

Shakespeare’s tragedies remain timeless explorations of human ambition, jealousy, and morality. By focusing on themes, techniques, and context, A-Level English Literature students can craft insightful and high-scoring essays.